After the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, it asserted its independence and developed into an imperial city from 1280. Schwäbisch Hall was thus an independent state within the ‘Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation’. By the end of the 16th century, a large dominion had been successfully established. Under the influence of the theologian and re- former Johannes Brenz (1499-1570), who had been active since 1522, the people turned to Protestantism at an early stage. The basis of the imperial city‘s prosperity and economic power was salt production and trade, as well as wine trade. The late Gothic St Michael‘s Church with its grand staircase, the baroque town hall and many other architectural mo- numents in the well-preserved old town still bear witness to the wealth and self-confiden- ce of the town‘s citizens. This prosperity also made it possible to overcome the consequen- ces of the ‘Great City Fire’ of 1728, which reduced large parts of today‘s Old Town to rubble. The reconstruction in the Baroque style still characterises the cityscape today. The occupation by Württemberg in 1802 put an end to its independence. Schwäbisch Hall, with its population of around 5,600, became a regional administrative centre, but economic development stagnated for a long time. In the 1850s, many people emigra- ted to America. The nationalised salt works quickly lost its importance and was closed in 1925, while the tradition of salt boiling is still practised today. Industrialisation was slow to take hold. From the late 19th century onwards, an economic structure characterised by small and medium-sized enterprises emer- ged, with a focus on mechanical engineering, which proved to be crisis-proof and innovati- ve. The beginnings of the development into a centre for services, education and culture also date back to the 19th century. Examples of this include the re-founding of the grammar school (1877), which was abolished in 1811, the Diakoniewerk as the sponsor of a hospital (from 1886), the Freilichtspiele Schwäbisch Hall (from 1925) or, as more recent examples, the East and West School Centres (1974 and 1979 respectively), the Kunsthalle Würth and the Johanniterkirche (2001 and 2008 respec- tively), as well as the Schwäbisch Hall campus of Heilbronn State University (2009). Around 40 citizens of Jewish faith fell vic- tim to the National Socialist terror regime. The suburb of Hessental was the site of a con- centration camp (from 1944), whose prisoners were used as labour slaves at the local air force base, among other places. The town survi- ved the Second World War largely undama- ged. The rise of the building society, which had been based here since 1944, to become a global industry leader symbolises the ups- wing as a business and service location since the 1950s. This was accompanied by sustai- ned population growth to almost over 40,000 citizens. Schwäbisch Hall grew in terms of area as a result of incorporations in the 1970s. Adolf Würth Airport and the Solpark resi- dential and commercial area were built on the site in Hessental, which was used by the US Army from 1945 to 1994. Since 2011, a new location for retail and services has been the Kocherquartier on the site of the former pri- son on Salinenstraße. (c) Michael Kühneisen 07